The concept of the papal Antichrist evolved throughout the Middle Ages, developing multiple layers of meaning and distinctive modes of rhetorical expression. It reached its most elaborate late medieval form in the Hussite treatise known as Anatomy of the Antichrist. This work provides a comprehensive summary of antipapal Antichristology using nominal tropes, anatomical metaphors, and...

This study, drawing on new information from unpublished documents, reconsiders the working methods and responsibilities of sculptor and architect Bartolomeo Ammannati in the context of Cosimo I de’ Medici’s creation of a grand ducal Tuscan empire. Ammannati was an indispensable part of the broader enterprise of ducal and grand ducal building activity, urban development, and court bureaucracy....